How to Easily Cut Uniformly Sliced Tomato
WASHINGTON — I grew up in Pittsburgh’s Tree of Life synagogue. My mothers and fathers taught Sunday college there. I learned to go through Hebrew (form of) there. I was a bar mitzvah there. My mother sewed a elaborate velvet jumper for my very little sister to don there.
On Saturday morning — the Jewish sabbath — Jews at prayer had been slaughtered at Tree of Lifestyle due to the fact and only as a result of who they were being. It was possibly the deadliest anti-Semitic attack With this country’s history, in accordance with the Anti-Defamation League.
My response is grief, naturally, and also the fast realization that this horror is an element of a larger sample of mayhem and hatred in the united states and world wide. Church buildings, minority communities, gay nightclubs, politicians and journalists are threatened. We reside in an age of assault rifles, pipe bombs and bone saws.
But I also have to admit — and am grieved to confess — that the mass murder at Tree of Lifetime has shaken my Probably naïve religion During this place, one which I started building for a boy growing up in Pittsburgh.
The predominantly Jewish Squirrel Hill neighborhood features a bucolic-sounding title, and it matches. It is actually bounded on two sides by substantial, wooded parks. The streets of mainly solitary-household households are lined with lush trees; There exists quick access to universities, civic institutions, participating in fields and exceptional colleges.
I used to be reared in the Jewish paradise — a.k.a. The united states, my Promised Land. Not the one God gave us (although I really like that just one, too), nevertheless the 1 we selected for ourselves.
I was taught in Squirrel Hill that we were while in the one particular state which was an exception to the historical past of your human race in general as well as Jews especially. Established on Enlightenment ideas of individuality, flexibility, tolerance and justice, The usa was the one spot In addition to Israel in which Jews http://newsteko.com/hardwood-trees could Stay at 1 with their nation, unburdened by concern or confusion about identification.
Now I need to speculate: If Pittsburgh isn’t Harmless for Jews, if Squirrel Hill isn’t Safe and sound, In case the Tree of Existence isn’t Secure, what area is? With out diminishing any one else’s suffering and death, it’s a sad indisputable fact that the Jews typically are the canaries inside the coal mine of social and political collapse. So, Exactly what does the bloodshed in the Tree of Lifetime signify?
It is an indication that hatred of One other is poisoning our general public everyday living. It’s normally been a vivid pressure in America, stimulated because of the worry of immigrant waves, but a person We have now overcome time and again. Whilst we often honor it in the breach, our founding plan stays: that Every person Here's precious and born with unalienable legal rights. Now, political enemies in America deny each other’s humanity.
It is an indication that communications can foster one thing a lot less than comprehension. Social networking enables us to get connected and also caricatured as propaganda in strategies of dehumanizing division.
It is a sign that President Trump’s remorselessly cynical, jungle-design and style vision of tips on how to carry out small business and politics is ripping apart a Modern society currently under the pressure of generational, demographic, technological, financial and social alter.
In physics, the arc of the swinging pendulum diminishes after a while. Which has been my Probably as well-cozy view of yankee record: the swing of our political pendulum would often sluggish and uncover an equilibrium nearer to a more ideal union.
In pursuit of that principle, as being a reporter in Kentucky for six a long time and later on across the nation for decades, I chronicled the increase of the populist ideal as just A further swing in the pendulum.
I coated Ku Klux Klan rallies, courtroom-ordered busing, “soiled tricksters” of the appropriate from Richard Nixon to Paul Manafort, and Trump rallies across the country. None of that shook my perception that the region could in some way harvest the Vitality of protest versus “elites” for a few eventual great.
Now I am not so positive. The pendulum appears to be swinging much more wildly and widely every day. The full equipment feels at risk of racing uncontrolled.
But even as I begin to question that my Pittsburgh was the Promised Land, I stay guided and impressed by it. My late mom and dad, Morton and Jean Fineman, have been lecturers who beloved The usa even as they fretted about its shortcomings. They constantly reminded me that, inside of a democracy — and only in a very democracy — individuals get The federal government they are worthy of, and that every new technology will have to work flat out to gain anew the rights and blessings that we take as a right.
I only hope the martyrs of your Tree of Lifetime — like Those people in Charleston, Charlottesville together with other mass shootings enthusiastic by loathe — didn't die in vain. The united states’s gifts usually are not quickly preserved — even, I now know, in Squirrel Hill.
Howard Fineman is really an NBC Information analyst along with a journalism lecturer within the University of Pennsylvania.
Follow The New York Situations Opinion part on Fb, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram.
How to Easily Cut Uniformly Sliced Tomato
WASHINGTON — I grew up in Pittsburgh’s Tree of Life style synagogue. My moms and fathers taught Sunday College there. I determined to study Hebrew (type of) there. I used to be a bar mitzvah there. My Mother sewed a fancy velvet jumper for my hardly any sister to costume in there.
On Saturday early morning — the Jewish sabbath — Jews at prayer have already been slaughtered at Tree of Way of living just because and only being a consequence of who they wound up. It had been possibly the deadliest anti-Semitic assault Within this nation’s historic past, based on the Anti-Defamation League.
My response is grief, The natural way, and also the quick realization this horror is a component of An even bigger sample of mayhem and hatred in the usa and all over the planet. Church buildings, minority communities, gay nightclubs, politicians and journalists are threatened. We are in an age of assault rifles, pipe bombs and bone saws.
But I even have to confess — and am grieved to admit — the mass murder at Tree of Daily dwelling has shaken my Most likely naïve faith On this region, one which I started establishing just like a boy climbing up in Pittsburgh.
The predominantly Jewish Squirrel Hill community features a bucolic-sounding identify, and it satisfies. It may be bounded on two sides by massive, wooded parks. The streets of mainly one particular-family residences are lined with lush trees; There is definitely easy access to universities, civic establishments, participating in fields and outstanding colleges.
I had been reared in a really Jewish paradise — a.k.a. The usa, my Promised Land. Not the an individual God gave us (nevertheless I actually like that 1, much much too), nevertheless the one we selected for ourselves.
I was taught in Squirrel Hill that we had been from your one unique nation which was an exception on your history during the human race on The entire combined with the Jews Primarily. Recognized on Enlightenment Tips of individuality, liberty, tolerance and justice, The United states of america was the just one spot Aside from Israel the location Jews could Live at a person with their place, unburdened by stress or confusion about id.
Now I should http://newsteko.com/hardwood-trees ponder: If Pittsburgh isn’t Protected for Jews, if Squirrel Hill isn’t Secure, Need to the Tree of Life span isn’t Safe, what spot is? With no will need of diminishing anyone else’s having difficulties and Lack of lifetime, it’s a tragic plain undeniable fact that the Jews usually would be the canaries in the coal mine of social and political collapse. So, Exactly what does the bloodshed in the Tree of Existence counsel?
It is an indication that hatred of An additional is poisoning our typical general public way of life. It’s normally been a vivid strain in the United states, stimulated through the pressure of immigrant waves, but 1 We've got conquer time and again. While we routinely honor it though while in the breach, our founding considered stays: that All and varied Here's cherished and born with unalienable legal legal rights. Now, political enemies in the united states deny one another’s humanity.
It is an indication that communications can foster anything underneath comprehension. Social media marketing makes it possible for us to become related and also caricatured as propaganda in approaches of dehumanizing division.
It is a sign that President Trump’s remorselessly cynical, jungle-fashion vision of strategies to conduct small business organization and politics is ripping aside a Modern day Modern society previously underneath the pressure of generational, demographic, technological, monetary and social modify.
In physics, the arc of a swinging pendulum diminishes after some time. Which has been my Likely also-peaceful check out of yank history: which the swing of our political pendulum would consistently sluggish and discover an equilibrium nearer to a more fantastic union.
In pursuit of that basic principle, to become a reporter in Kentucky for six a few years and Later on across the nation for a few years, I chronicled the increase within the populist suitable as just Another swing of your pendulum.
I coated Ku Klux Klan rallies, court docket-ordered busing, “soiled tricksters” of the appropriate from Richard Nixon to Paul Manafort, and Trump rallies through the country. None of that shook my perception which the put could by some usually means harvest the Electrical power of protest vs . “elites” for some eventual wonderful.
Now I am not so absolutely guaranteed. The pendulum seems to generally be swinging way more wildly and frequently daily. The full equipment feels at risk of racing uncontrolled.
But even though I start to question that my Pittsburgh was the Promised Land, I continue being guided and amazed by it. My late dad and mom, Morton and Jean Fineman, wound up lecturers who cherished The usa simultaneously as they fretted about its shortcomings. They Typically jogged my memory that, inside of a democracy — and only in the democracy — individuals get The federal government they are entitled to, and that each new know-how must work hard to get anew the rights and blessings that we consider without any consideration.
I only hope which the martyrs around the Tree of Life time — like People in Charleston, Charlottesville as well as other mass shootings enthusiastic by dislike — did not die in vain. The us’s merchandise are certainly not conveniently preserved — even, I now know, in Squirrel Hill.
Howard Fineman is definitely an NBC Information analyst and likewise a journalism lecturer on the University of Pennsylvania.
Follow The Ny Moments Belief part on Fb, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram.
The Most Efficient Way to Maximize Space Using Under Cabinet Storage Rack
An underneath counter shelving unit is usually probably the greatest approaches to maximize your kitchen space. This idea is ideal especially for each individual homeowner that is missing in kitchen area storage. Besides Area beneath the counter, in case you hang a cabinet earlier mentioned the counter, you are able to employ the Place below the cabinet as a storage Remedy.
Productive Strategies to acquire Far more Storage in Your Kitchen
If you're feeling like you never have sufficient storage within your kitchen area, you might have A few other Tips To maximise each individual space of your kitchen area like a storage Alternative. Luckily, there are a few economical ways you can do to obtain the most of unused Room all-around your kitchen. In the following paragraphs, Now we have collected numerous Suggestions.
Take advantage of the Room underneath Your Counter
For starters, you could target the Area less than your counter to incorporate additional storage for your kitchen. Even when you have set up a set of cupboard underneath the counter, you can however have One more underneath counter storage Answer. Here are a few methods you can do to make far more storage below your counter.
Employ the Inside within your Cupboard Doorways
You could in no way imagine that your cabinet doorways could be organized For additional than just a doorway. To make use of the doors of your cabinet as storage, you can Consider of buying an organizer for hanging around The cupboard door or setting up hooks to hold items such as towels and pot. It may undoubtedly be described as a genius storage area for yourself.
Increase another Shelf within your Cupboard
You may also look at adding A different shelf within The cupboard that is certainly set up underneath the counter. It's not only a terrific way to keep matters additional organized but is additionally an outstanding way To maximise the Area inside your kitchen. In case you would not have any cupboard beneath the counter, you can think of employing below counter rack.
Make full use of the Room beneath Your Cabinet
What's more, It is usually feasible for you to hire the House under your cabinet for one more storage solution. A kitchen commonly has unused space beneath the hanging cabinet or above the counter. If you want an additional storage, this Area can in fact be used in some possible means. Here are some from the methods you can bear in mind.
Install Hooks for Pots
Pots and skillets will choose up so much Area For anyone who is storing all of these In the cupboards. Then, It'll be a tiny bit unpractical as soon as you require them immediately. For that reason, installing underneath cabinet storage by putting in some hooks for pots and skillets might be a good suggestion. You'll be able to hold your factors and grab them simply.
Retail outlet Utensils by Style
If you favor to possess your utensils to be saved beneath your cabinet, you'll be able to only make use of containers to store the utensils by sort. You should use Every single container to shop spoons, whisks, and spatulas individually so that you can effortlessly get one particular as soon as you need to have. Then, you'll be able to place the container as a substitute for underneath cupboard storage rack.
As a method to receive extra storage and maximizing the Room inside your kitchen area, You need to use the under cupboard shelf from COMFECTO. It is a corporation that requires no equipment to install. For more info, it is possible to drop by http://www.bestsales.com/shopping/search?q=flat+wall+mounted+pot+rack&sort=ratingHigh&view=list.
A Complete Guide to Build Your Own Lego Storage
You under no circumstances think about locating some beneath bed lego storage
until you ultimately step on that bit of bricks while you stroll about your property. Even If you don't seriously treatment about this, Yet another spouse and children in the house may get bothered. Fortuitously, there are several great Concepts to build sensible Lego storage solution that you could comply with here.
How to create Lego Storage yourself
When you find yourself looking for Lego storage choices, there's no question that you'll be faced with innumerable options. You could simply browse on numerous on-line marketplaces to get the one which you like the best. On the other hand, in order to receive the one which is private more than enough, building your own personal Lego storage needs to be fantastic.
DIY Lego Storage You Can Build all on your own
Luckily, Additionally, there are innumerable Lego storage Strategies for constructed sets that you could uncover over the internet. As an alternative to searching one by one yourself, right here Now we have arranged a number of the best Do-it-yourself initiatives which will help you produce the Lego storage of your dream. Without having further more ado, Allow me to share the five ideal Do it yourself Lego storage assignments.
Lego Storage Box by Shade
If you have a large assortment of Lego, this concept could make an excellent selection. Organize your Lego by color in a few different packing containers. Label Just about every box with coloration to really make it less complicated for you to grab the a single you require. In case you allow it to be on your small ones, it can be a smart idea to make them differentiate hues.
Lego Wall Storage Process
While you are searching for Lego storage Thoughts IKEA, you may not locate this one. However, you can obtain the curtain rods and buckets online to lego organization ideas produce Lego wall storage! Simply get some curtain rods at The shop and get some S hooks from close by hardware shops to hang some buckets off the rods. It is possible to personalize the bucket also!
Simple Lego Table
Who states You can't Make your own private Lego desk? If you wish to make your own personal in place of shopping for the Completely ready-to-use just one, you are able to do it by transforming an easy square desk into a Lego desk. Set up a magnetic strip to at least one frame on the table to hold round containers. Moreover, attach a metallic rod to hold mini buckets way too.
Recycled Train Table
One more the most effective Do-it-yourself Lego Proportions storage Suggestions you will discover would be to repurpose coach table into a Lego storage desk. This idea is effective most effective For those who have an aged teach table at home. Basically look for a piece of wood and Slice it to fit the highest with the desk. Then, join Lego base plates into the wood.
Lego Wall
Last of all, You may also Imagine of creating a Lego wall. It is straightforward and might spark an additional style on your Room also. All you'll want to do is attaching Lego base plates on the wall with adhesive. If you would like the easier a single, take into account likely trough Lego storage Concepts container storage that is ready to use out there.
Should you’re searching To learn more about lego as well as other toys on your Little ones, you are able to visit mybubblemachine.com as they offer different information concerning the issue.
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Addicted to baking? Us Too. 6 Reasons We Just Can't Stop
Are you brand-new to baking cookies and cakes? Uncertain how to read and follow recipes? Here are some baking tips to get you started.
All active ingredients must be at cool room temperature.
Unless the dish mentions otherwise, utilize unsalted butter. Lower the amount of salt in the dish by 1/4 teaspoon per stick of butter if you have only salted butter on hand. Use routine butter, not whipped, and do not substitute margarine unless the recipe offers it as an option.
Unless otherwise mentioned, eggs utilized in baking recipes must be the large size.
Measuring cups for dry ingredients come in specific sizes (1/4 cup, 1/3 cup, 1/2 cup, 1 cup). Liquid measures are marked with lines for different quantities (1/3 cup, 4 ounces, and so on), with some area at the leading so the liquid does not spill.
To determine flour, stir up the flour, then swoop the determining cup into the flour, and level the flour even with the top of the cup utilizing a knife or the side of your hand. To determine sugar or cocoa, spoon it into the cup. To determine brown sugar, spoon it into the cup and pack it down with the back of the spoon. When measuring sticky active ingredients such as molasses or honey, gently oil the within of the cup.
You should sift flour for cakes and confectioners' sugar when you're using it in icing. For cakes, sort the flour, measure it, then sort it once again with the dry ingredients. You do not require to sort flour for pies or a lot of cookies.
Chocolate must be melted over low heat or it will burn. You can melt it in the top of a double boiler (a pan with 2 parts; the top sits in the bottom pan, which includes boiling water). You can also put it in a microwave-proof container and heat on 80 percent power for 1 minute. It should still be lumpy when you remove it; keep stirring till it is smooth. If it is still bumpy, return it to the microwave and heat in 10-second increments on 80 percent power till smooth.
To cream butter (with or without the sugar), beat it at high speed on an electric mixer for about 2 minutes, or till it is fluffy.
If a dish informs you to fold in egg whites or cream, it implies to spoon the egg whites or cream over the batter, then move a rubber spatula in a circular motion from the bottom of the bowl to the top of the batter, "folding" in the whites or cream. You can likewise utilize a wire whisk to gently blend in the eggs or cream.
Utilize the size of pans suggested in the recipe.
Always turn the oven on for at least 15 minutes before you will be using it, so it has time to reach the proper temperature.
baking for beginner (cookie) sheets come with and without sides. Some dishes describe a flat pan with sides as a jelly-roll pan. Cookies bake the most equally on a cookie sheet without sides, however it's OKAY to use one with sides.
Area drop cookies a minimum of 1 1/2 inches apart on the baking sheet so they have room to spread out.
A lot of cookies should cool on the baking sheets for a minute or more to "set" before they're removed to wire racks to cool completely. Cakes should cool totally in the pan before being inverted onto a plate or cardboard round. Run a knife between the cake and the sides of the pan initially to loosen it.
How to Sell authentic chinese food to a Skeptic
In recent years, Chinese food is loved and becoming a favorite food among Westerners. What people should be aware of about the Chinese dishes today is that it may be detrimental to their health and that is, if they consume a lot or if they don't know just how to make healthier picks every time they visit a Chinese restaurant and order.
If you are a Chinese food enthusiast, be aware that there have been unhealthy issues that this sort of cuisine has been facing. Read on to learn what they are.
One particular issue that Chinese food is facing is its MSG content. Once associated with foods in Chinese restaurants, that's no longer the problem now. Many Chinese restaurant have now reduced the amounts of MSG on the their dishes.
2. Calorie Content. On average, your typical order of Chinese dishes contain greater than a thousand calories. You will certainly going to find this as the bulk of calories that you should spare yourself from consuming if you are on a diet.
Contains Fats and Calories. Everyone knows that the majority of the calories are fat and carbohydrates, both of which are contained in many Chinese food dishes. This can be off limits, or must be limited, on many types of diet plans.
Now, if you want to enjoy Chinese dishes without risking your health, consider much healthier picks and stay clear of beef and broccoli or General Tso's chicken. Favor steamed Chinese food rather than fried ones and also those that have a lot of sauce in best chinese food menu them. The sauces are usually the main carrier of lots of calories and fats. There are steamed vegetables and leaner meats and seafoods like shrimps, which are healthier choices.
Be assured that Chinese restaurants these days are reliably free from MSG content on their dishes and spares you from the guilt. Try to consider much healthier choices when you get Chinese dishes, and stay clear of beef and broccoli or General Tso's chicken.
Are you looking for the best place to dine and enjoy the sumptuous dishes of Chinese food? If you're just around the corners of Southern California, watched this video i just posted and learn about the best Chinese Food Restaurant in Riverside offering you a fine dining experience at an affordable price.
Artificial Jellyfish Ornament: What Kind of Tank to Use?
Zebra tilapias have a pale yellow or off white body with vertical black striping from the region to their eyes to the base of their tale. They are also referred to by the names of other striped animals such as hornet or tiger tilapia. Their stripes will actually change shade according to their mood. They will vary from very light to nearly black. The vertical markings http://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch/?action=click&contentCollection®ion=TopBar&WT.nav=searchWidget&module=SearchSubmit&pgtype=Homepage#/fake jellyfish tend to fade as the fish grows older.
The zebra tilapia is a larger species of cichlid. They commonly grow up to 16 inches in length. A similarly sized aquarium will be necessary if you intend to raise them. A 75 gallon tank is the minimum recommendation. These fish are mid-level swimmers.
Zebras are one of the most vicious members of the cichlid family. They are best suited for a mono-species tank. They are so territorial that it is not recommended that you attempt to raise them in a group. These fish should be kept as a single fish or a couple only. Despite their innate aggressive behavior they are still reasonably popular with aquarium owners. This is because they are very intelligent creatures.
They are acutely aware of their surroundings. They react to movement outside of their aquatic environment. They often feel their territory is being invaded by a person in the same room will attempt to attack the intruder trough the glass. They are also known to wreak havoc on aquarium substrate. These are substrate breeders and have a tendency to dig up gravel even when they are not in the spawning cycle. They will suck up a mouth full of gravel and spit it out somewhere else creating little hills and valleys in the aquarium floor.
These fish are also very long lived. They will live an average of 10 years and have been known to live as long as 15.
Water temperature should be between 74-78 °F with a slightly alkaline pH.
They are omnivores, so provide them with both meaty and plant-based foods.
Young Tilapia can be fed tropical fish flakes, cichlid pellets, frozen or freeze-dried foods. They will also brine shrimp, tubifex and bloodworms. When they get bigger you can feed them small shrimp, crickets and earthworms. Tilapias are not picky eaters. They will eat their veggies. In fact they have an affinity for blanched vegetables such as lettuce, zucchini and even broccoli. Just throw the veggie of choice in a pot of boiling water for 15-20 seconds, remove the vegetables and let cool. Don't expect to keep live plants with a talpiia. If they have a tasted for the plant they will eat it. If they don't they are apt to dig it up. Because of their size they also produce a lot of waste. Frequent water changes are needed in order to keep them healthy.
Male and females are virtually identical. So you may not be able to tell them apart until they spawn.
Breeding Tilapia
As mentioned earlier, zebras are substrate spawners. They tend to mate in private so you will want to provide them with upturned plant pots or some other form of artificial cave. A slight increase in water temperature indicates spawning season and may induce them to spawn.
They will usually dig a hole in the substrate to deposit their eggs in. However they have been known to lay their eggs on the roof of the mating chamber. Both parents generally care for the young. Though spawning may trigger aggressiveness in the male. If this occurs remove the male and allow the female to tend her eggs.
Fry typically hatch in 4-5 days and will become free swimming in another 5 or 6. Fry can be fed newly hatched brine shrimp, liquid or powdered fry food formulated for egg layers.
In the most general sort of way, as one makes progress from simplicity to complexity, more and more properties seem to emerge, sometimes seeming out of thin air. This is also oft noted as a bottom-up development of the complexity hierarchy or where the whole becomes more than the sum of its collective parts. One termite can't accomplish very much; ten termites just a little; but a colony of termites can build mighty termite mounds and destroy buildings. One brick doesn't do very much, but a million can build all manner of interesting and useful constructions. One electron and one neutron and one proton can't do very much either, but a million of each can produce all of the elements we know of in the Periodic Table and all of the compounds we know as well.
Increasing and decreasing levels of complexity are all well and good and having a structural hierarchy makes comprehension and understanding easier - it's more visual. But ultimately top-down and bottom-up reasoning are inadequate to explain life, the Universe and everything. It would be improbable, IMHO, to predict sociology from an understanding of chemistry, so bottom-up has limits, but then sociology can't come up with chemistry so the top-down approach isn't all that crash hot either.
For example, from the bottom-up, you couldn't predict from either the Big Bang event or quantum physics the emergence and existence of an ecosystem or even the bunny rabbit. And from the top-down, knowing about the workings of an ecosystem or even just the bunny rabbit doesn't predict either quantum physics or the Big Bang event.
On a simpler note, I'm not convinced a physical chemist could predict in a bottom-up fashion, given the properties of chlorine and sodium, including details of their atomic structure and makeup, that the chemical union of the two would produce a solid, translucent, crystalline, substance with a salty taste, which was an essential ingredient for life's biochemistry to flourish. Only an actual experiment would do that. Conversely, from the top-down, I'm not convinced that a physical chemist examining a bit of table salt, even knowing its atomic structure, could predict that hidden within that structure lay a yellow poisonous gas and a volatile metallic solid. That too takes an experiment to discover. I may be wrong about those deductions - I'm not a physical chemist - but gut feeling says no.
Some scientists suggest that from the knowledge of the atomic structure and properties of oxygen and hydrogen one should be able to bottom-up predict the existence of oceans, waves, even surfing! I disagree since you'd need to predict or envision a very large bowl that would contain all of those molecules of water, but the bowl isn't a logical emergent property of oxygen and hydrogen. (You'd also need to bottom-up predict not just water but liquid water and thus a temperature and pressure range, wind, and all the properties that go into making up a surfboard rider, and that's a pretty big ask just knowing about oxygen and hydrogen.)
Regardless, sociology does emerge out of chemistry; ecosystems and bunny rabbits emerge from the Big Bang event and quantum physics; table salt emerges out of sodium and chlorine; and the ocean emerges out of hydrogen and oxygen.
Take for example the simulation game of "Life". Start with just a few 'life forms' that will obey a few simple laws, principles and relationships - the rules of the game - then hit 'enter' and see what happens. More likely as not complexity will spontaneously emerge. That said, it must be stressed that in the real world, while there has been an overall increase in the complexity of the myriad forms of life over geologic time, cumulating in the most complex structure of all, the human brain, natural evolution or natural selection hasn't ever had a goal, an ultimate design or purpose in mind. In the biological world, complexity can revert to something simpler, if the need (survival of the fittest) so arises. It goes against the general grain, but it happens from time to time.
In the context of this little essay, it doesn't really matter if we are talking about emerging properties 'in the beginning' and in and of the cosmos and before the emergence of life, or 'once upon a time' which is the emergence of life, body and mind, on Planet Earth. It's probably more relevant to take the cosmic view since Planet Earth is a subset of that.
SCIENCE BEGATS MORE COMPLEX SCIENCE
In the cosmic beginning was the physics, but has any more complex physics emerged from that distant time since presumably all of the laws, principles and relationships of physics were present and accounted for at that beginning? Well presumably you couldn't have had any radioactive decay until such time as there were atomic nuclei and the binding together of neutrons and protons (plus the associated outer electron cloud). But some might argue that the formation of atoms out of the original cosmic soup of particles is chemistry, not physics, but I don't see it that way. Chemistry doesn't start until atoms start combining with other atoms to form molecules. But clearly, no matter how you slice and dice and define things, chemistry emerged from physics and complex (multi-atom) chemistry emerged from simple chemistry and very complex organic chemistry and hence eventually biochemistry emerged out of that mess. But the mention of biochemistry notes that biology emerged out of complex chemistries and from that emerged the mind and all of the facets (like intelligence, awareness, etc.) we associate with a mind (and not just a human mind either as we are often inclined to associate the mind with just the human mind). All sorts of other 'sciences' then emerge from having a mind like psychology to sociology to conflicts to more traditionally human ones like economics, culture and a sense of history.
TIME & SPACE
Time is an emergent concept when change occurs in the cosmos and there is an awareness of that change by something - presumably a living thing that responds to that change in a manner that can't be predicted by the laws, relationships and principles of physics. That's actually my definition of what life is. Anyway, if there is no change there is no time. Space is an emergent concept that comes into play the nanosecond there exists matter and energy within, a something that fills that space and gives meaning to the concept of space. If there is no matter and energy, there is no such thing as space.
INFORMATION
Many hold the view that information is fundamental to the cosmos, in fact is the fundamental construction behind the cosmos. Everything in and of the cosmos is bits and bytes - information. 'Information' may have existed before life came into being, but I fail to see what good information was until such time as there was a mind to recognize information for what it was and to make use of it.
PERSONALITY
Personality is an emerging property of life. It's difficult to think of an electron or an atom of carbon as having a personality since their substance and structure never changes. Of course one could argue that if an electron absorbs a photon or meets a positron (anti-electron) change will occur. Then too more complex structures like the weather or a star might be said to have a personality. A warm sunny day is differing in 'personality' to that of a raging hurricane. Our Sun's temperament changes over a regular cycle - sometimes sunspot free and tranquility reins; sometimes emitting massive coronal ejections and solar flares.
EMOTIONS
Surely emotions are an emergent property of life. My cats may hiss and spit or softly purr but I can't image any rock doing that. However, as noted directly above, complex systems can display differing 'personalities' from time to time. It's probably a bit farfetched however to suggest that an exploding stick of dynamite is angry or that a tranquil pond is contented. Emotions tend to suggest intent and it's difficult to think of any non-life form having any sort of intention towards you regardless of how nice it might be to bask in the sun at the beach, or conversely get the fertilizer knocked out of you by a huge wave! Neither the sun nor the wave had any deliberate intention to either warm you up or knock you senseless.
LANGUAGE
Language is an emergent property of life. Life can communicate with life, or at least the same sort of life like an ant colony. Birds communicate; cats communicate; humans communicate sometimes by sound, sometimes via body language, sometimes via smell, etc. But the Universe too has a universal language, at least according to some theorists: Mathematics. One can certainly 'speak' and understand the language of mathematics. The Universe operates according to precise mathematical relationships. In order for one part of the Universe to understand and respond to another part of the Universe, it needs to understand the language of mathematics. For example, gravity understands the mathematical language of the inverse square law. As an aside, if we exist in a Simulated (Virtual Reality) Universe, then that Universe too is in the language of mathematics - software.
CONSCIOUSNESS
If there was nothing rather than something, there could be no consciousness.
Consciousness is rooted in matter and energy - no matter and energy, no consciousness.
Consciousness is an emergent property of life that only emerged when life itself emerged - or is it? Consider quantum physics as the exception.
Every living thing from humble microbes to plants, jellyfish to frogs, birds to cats to primates have consciousness because all respond to external stimuli in ways that are not predictable by classical physics (unlike a rock expanding and contracting as the temperature rises and falls). From conception to brain death you feel and respond to stimuli 60/60/24/7/52, like gravity and temperature, etc. If you respond, in un-rock like ways, you have consciousness.
Consciousness is a synonym for your state of awareness or being aware. If you are in a state of consciousness, you are aware of your surroundings, both external (it's hot outside) and internal to the body (as I have a tummy ache) and internal to the mind (thoughts, ideas, emotions, creativity, and other mentally generated perceptions). Once conscious or aware, you then respond to that awareness.
Consciousness is not a fundamental property of the cosmos. There was a time before life existed and the cosmos got on quite well without being aware that it actually even existed.
The best way to come to terms with consciousness is to distinguish that state from when you are not conscious - being asleep; under anesthesia; drugged into an unconscious state; being passed out; having fainted; being knocked out (as in boxing), etc.
You'd say you're conscious right now and probably say you were conscious ten minutes ago, but how do you know that? You know that because you remember being conscious ten minutes ago. But, you're remembering that something you're remembering in the present now, not ten minutes ago, so that's not a reliable indicator.
FREE WILL
Free Will would appear to be an emergent property of life. Okay, maybe a plant doesn't decide to do, or not do, something, but in the animal kingdom animals make choices many times a day, even the invertebrates decide to do, or not to do, and one could argue even unicellular critters make decisions. It would be difficult to think that inanimate objects, all of that nonliving cosmos, from the fundamental particles on up the line, have free will. Well, anyone who is conversant with quantum physics knows full well that elementary particles have some sort of awareness and can make decisions, albeit under some quite considerable restrictions, but choices nevertheless. Such free will straightjackets applies to life forms as well (I can't flap my arms and fly; my cats can't decide to learn algebra).
For example say you have one light source. Let's make http://moreinfoproduct.tk/getdetail/square-fish-tank-stand it the Sun. You have one normal everyday clear and clean pane of glass. Some of the light (photons) from the light source will pass clear through the clear glass, but some of those identical photons will reflect off the clear surface of the pane of glass. One set of circumstances yields two differing but simultaneous outcomes. That violates cause-and-effect. That's crazy, but it happens as you can verify for yourself. Or, the photons are aware of the pane of glass and are deciding of their own free will whether to pass through, or reflect.
MEMORY
Memory is an emergent property of life - or is it? Memory isn't really memory if... When an electron meets a positron (an anti-electron) does reach 'remember' what it must do? What about the 'spooky action at a distance' - quantum entanglement.
We all know about working memory, short-term memory and long-term memory and how we seem to remember unique one-offs, things that happen that are out of the ordinary, like when you get into your car but slip and fall back out in front of 20 other people - that's you'd remember. But you also have a collective memory of the generality of you getting into your car that's not specific to any one car entering event - all of which you have individually forgotten. But all those individual car entering events have merged together to form a general collective memory of entering your car. Most of our memories seem to be of this collective kind. You might have a collective memory of enjoyable evenings spent in front of a warm fireplace with a glass of wine, even though each specific occurrence has been sent to your mind's wastepaper basket.
CREATIVITY
Creativity would appear to be an emerging property of life, but then the Universe creates things like galaxies, stars, planets and of course life. Perhaps creativity is not creativity if there is one and only one way to create something. There's not too many ways Mother Nature can create water; there are numerous ways a human can create a chair. However, one could ague that Mother Nature took the basic fundamental particles and from that, using the laws, relationships and principles of physics created all of the diversity we see in the cosmos. There's 92 natural elements (not counting isotopes) and as close to infinity as makes no odds, molecules, all constructed or created from just that trilogy of basic fundamental particles - electrons, neutrons and protons (albeit neutrons and protons are in turn composed of a trilogy of quarks). There might be only one way to create a star, but there are many varieties of stars, just like there are many varieties of chairs. There's not just one variety of galaxy, but many types of galaxies. There's not just one type of planet, but a huge diversity of planets both in our solar system and as we've discovered as exo-planets forming around other star systems.
ABSTRACTIONS
One emerging property that must be confined to having arisen from the human mind is the concept of concepts, or abstractions, things which have no real independent reality outside of the human mind. There are concepts like Wednesday, time & space, love, theology, freedom, architecture, probability and a whole host of ism's - theism, sexism, racism, feminism, etc. There are also the concepts of things that exist in themselves which isn't the same thing as the actual thing itself. One can have the mental concept of a wheel which is separate and apart from an actual wheel; one can imagine a manned landing on the moon which isn't the same thing as an actual landing on the lunar surface.
MEANING AND PURPOSE
Humans at least of the life forms we know assign a meaning or a purpose to their existence and to their finite time on this abode - that Third Rock from the Sun - which is all well and good as long as they themselves do the assigning and not pass the buck up the line to
